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1.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 14(6): 504-508, nov.-dez. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-504925

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Os atletas de alto rendimento, em determinado momento, se defrontam com o término de carreira esportiva, um processo crucial e inevitável, com exigências de ajustamentos nas esferas da vida ocupacional, financeira, social e psicológica e, que, portanto, pode ser acompanhado por distress emocional. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar como ex-atletas brasileiros de alto nível de basquetebol e futebol profissional experienciaram a aposentadoria da carreira esportiva, suas causas e conseqüências físicas e emocionais. MÉTODOS: Para tanto, foram avaliados 79 ex-atletas de alto nível, do sexo masculino, que pertenciam a duas modalidades esportivas: futebol (N = 57) e basquetebol (N = 22), com média de idade de 51,75 ± 8,85 anos. O tempo de prática como atleta profissional foi de 18,22 ± 4,66 anos e o término da carreira esportiva ocorreu em média aos 34,36 ± 4,42 anos. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada; os dados foram analisados pela freqüência de ocorrência de respostas para cada item da entrevista. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, para 75,9 por cento dos atletas, a decisão de encerrar a carreira foi espontânea. A idade (49,4 por cento) e outros interesses emergentes (43,0 por cento) foram as principais causas da aposentadoria. Os sentimentos vivenciados nesse momento foram de tristeza (50,6 por cento) e de conformismo (36,7 por cento). Para 43 por cento dos ex-atletas a condição física piorou após o término da carreira. CONCLUSÕES: Os autores concluem que, apesar de os atletas terem experienciado uma carreira esportiva longa, o momento de se aposentar no esporte trouxe sentimentos de tristeza. Por outro lado, a idade é um limitador para a carreira esportiva e reconhecer isso levou ao conformismo.


INTRODUCTION: Elite athletes will have to face sport career termination sooner or later, and this is a crucial and inevitable process that brings about changes in the occupational, financial, social and psychological spheres of their lives, which can be followed by emotional distress. OBJECTIVE: The present study had the aim to research how former Brazilian basketball and professional soccer players have experienced retirement in sports career as well as its causes and consequences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 79 former elite male athletes (soccer and basketball players) with mean age of 51.75 ± 8.85 years old were assessed. They have been professional athletes for 18.22 ± 4.66 years and had their career termination at about 34.36 ± 4.42 years. A semi-structured interview frame was used and the data were analyzed according to the answers frequency of occurrence for each interview item. RESULTS: It was observed that for 75.9 percent of these athletes the retirement from sport was their own choice. Age (49.4 percent) and appearance of other interests (43.0 percent) were the most frequent reasons related to the retirement. However, they have experienced feelings of sadness (50.6 percent) and resignation (36.7 percent) and 43 percent of the former athletes have experienced worsening in their physical condition after career termination. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the hereby-assessed athletes have experienced a long sports career, but their retirement caused feelings of sadness. On the other hand, old age itself is a limitation for the practice of elite sports, and its acknowledgement has led to resignation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Retirement/psychology , Athletes/psychology , Basketball , Sports/psychology , Life Change Events , Stress, Psychological , Interviews as Topic/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires
2.
Rev. bras. ciênc. mov ; 16(1): 29-38, jan.-mar. 2008. graf, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-727547

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar o impacto do término de carreira em jogadores brasileiros de futebol profi ssional, as conseqüências econômicas e profi ssionais. Para tanto, foram avaliados 57 ex-jogadores de alto nível, do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 50,86 ± 8,45 anos. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada, e os dados foram analisados pela freqüência de ocorrência de respostas para cada item da entrevista. Observou-se que, para 59,6% a situação econômica piorou depois da aposentadoria no esporte e 42,1% receberam ajuda fi nanceira dos familiares. Verifi cou-se também que 87,7% já obtiveram sucesso na nova profi ssão escolhida e 93% estão satisfeitos com a nova carreira. Concluímos que são raros os ex-atletas que receberam ajuda dos clubes ou associações esportivas. Desta forma, este auxílio foi oferecido pelos próprios familiares. Entretanto, muitos tentaram se engajar em uma nova carreira e já conseguiram ter sucesso no novo estilo de vida.


The objective of this study was to examine the impact of career termination on brazilian soccer players, as well as its professional and fi nancial consequences. Therefore, 57 elite male former athletes were assessed, with mean age of 50.86 ± 8.45 years old. A semi-structured interview frame was used and the data were analyzed according to the answers frequency of occurrence for each item of the interview. It was observed that, as far as for economic situation is concerned, for 59.6% of former athletes, the fi nancial status got worse after career termination and for 42.1% of them, fi nancial help came from relatives. However, 87.7% of them became successful in their new career while 93% are satisfi ed with their new choice. We can conclude that very few of these former athetes were iffectively helped by clubs or former athetes associations. Therefore, their support really came from their own family. Even though, a lot of them have tried other careers and have succeeded in their new life styles.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sports/psychology , Retirement , Soccer , Sports , Analysis of Situation , Psychosocial Impact
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(6): 1082-1087, dez. 2006. graf
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-439728

ABSTRACT

O exercício físico altera a homeostase, pois requer rápida mobilização de fontes metabólicas. Neste estudo, analisamos a resposta dos níveis séricos de testosterona (T) e cortisol (C) e das enzimas de desgaste muscular CK, CKMB e LDH, em 20 atletas masculinos sadios (25 a 40 anos), participantes de uma maratona (42,2 km). Coletas de sangue venoso foram feitas em 3 períodos: (i) pela manhã, 48 h antes da maratona (controle), (ii) logo após o término da corrida (final) e (iii) na manhã seguinte, 20 h após a realização da prova (recuperação). Ao final, T estava significantemente mais baixa (de 673 para 303 ng/dl) e C mais elevado (de 20,3 para 42,5 æg/dl) que no período controle. Na recuperação, ambos praticamente retornaram aos níveis basais. CK, CKMB e LDH estavam significantemente mais elevadas ao final da corrida e mais ainda na recuperação (exceto a CKMB), caracterizando o desgaste muscular. Enquanto CK e LDH apresentaram significante correlação negativa com a T (-0,412 e -0,546, respectivamente), CKMB correlacionou-se positivamente com o C (0,4521). Concluímos que a correlação inversa entre T e C, e o comportamento das enzimas CK, CKMB e LDH, permite comprovar que uma corrida de maratona causa intenso stress físico, provocando desequilíbrio hormonal e lesão celular severa.


Physical exercise alters homeostasis, as it requires prompt mobilization of metabolic sources. In this study, we measured serum testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels and the muscle-wastage enzymes CK, CKMB and LDH in 20 healthy male athletes (ages 25 to 40 years) in response to a marathon race (42.2 km). Venous blood samples were drawn in 3 different periods: (i) in the morning, 48 h before the competition (control), (ii) at the end of the race (end), and (iii) in the next morning, 20 h after the race (recovery). At the end, T was significantly lower (from 673 to 303 ng/dl) and C higher (from 20.3 to 42.5 æg/dl) as compared to the control period. At recovery, both were virtually identical to control levels. CK, CKMB and LDH were significantly higher at the end of the competition and even higher in the recovering period (except for CKMB), characterizing muscle wastage. CK and LDH disclosed a significant negative correlation with T (-0.412 and -0.546, respectively), whereas CKMB correlated positively with C (0.4521). We conclude that the inverse correlation observed between T and C levels, and the pattern of CK, CKMB and LDH increase, allow us to confirm that a marathon race may cause a marked physical stress, resulting in a distinct hormonal imbalance and severe cellular damage.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Enzymes/blood , Hydrocortisone/blood , Physical Endurance/physiology , Running/physiology , Testosterone/blood , Muscle Fatigue/physiology , Muscles/enzymology , Rest , Stress, Physiological
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